《园林》学刊·卷首语（2023.03）丨现代城市公共空间也属于城市基础设施范畴
本期专题
专题：城市基础设施与公共空间
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC SPACE
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·全文刊登于《园林》2023-03期P01
·全文引文格式：张浪.现代城市公共空间也属于城市基础设施范畴 [J].园林,2022,40(03):01.
卷首语
现代城市公共空间也属于城市基础设施范畴
Modern Urban Public Space Also Belongs to Urban Infrastructure
1933年，来自全球的城市学家、城市规划师、建筑师齐聚雅典，制定了一份城市规划的纲领性文件——《雅典宪章》，提出城市的4大功能为居住、生产、游憩和交通。这份文件的重要逻辑是将城市整体化，将同一类功能和资源在空间集中布置，以提高利用效率，对解决当时的城市问题起到重要作用。然而，城市发展的轨迹不是简单机械的重复，不同发展阶段，城市面临的问题是不同的，因此，特定时期提出的城市规划原则或规划模式并不能一劳永逸。以交通为例，“终极蓝图式”城市规划思想，造成全球城市交通的“单摆”现象，普适性的观点认为，依赖人口疏解就能解决大城市的交通拥堵问题，其实也是思维上的误区。现代城市社会面临的问题更为复杂多元，科学认识城市发展规律，才能让城市更高效更宜居。
自18世纪末第二次工业革命以来，基础设施在百余年的城市发展中扮演了重要角色，显著推进了城市化进程。斯坦·艾伦在探讨城市基础设施与城市公共空间关系中指出，基础设施是对公共资源的运输与分配，且由于大量重复性和对日常生活的深层介入，其本质是一种公共空间，从而成为城市生活的载体。基础设施，已不再局限于常规的“灰色基础设施”（如交通、能源、水利工程），而是拓展并强化其基础的社会服务和公共产品的职能内涵，涉及绿色基础设施、景观基础设施和创新基础设施（如绿色空间、生态廊道）等。由此可见，现代城市公共空间也属于城市基础设施范畴。
本期专题“城市基础设施与公共空间”，从理论解读、发展范式、更新模式等层面对基础设施的公共空间化进行系统性讨论。提出了“场域基础设施”的概念，总结基础设施在经济模式和城市存量发展模式转型下的一般规律和演变趋势，倡导以“场域基础设施”为导向的城市空间营造；归纳了从实践中多方协同的机制构建、功能叠合的空间设计以及城市文化的回应与延续三个重要方向，形成“城市基础设施的新日常”；探究了景观基础设施的缘起、类型以及其作为城市生长、增长和演变的组织架构，以形成基于景观基础设施的城市发展新范式，以最少的用地实现社会、经济和生态系统服务效益的最大化；探索了现代城市发展应对不确定性时，基础设施的可能发展模式，以在生态系统和社会系统间设计一种更好的城市关系。
从如何减小基础设施对城市居民日常生活的消极影响，到努力建成积极的公共空间来承载高品质的城市生活，这一建设理念的转变既是对城市建设高品质发展的有效回应，也是人民城市建设的必然要求。在中国的语境下，基础设施的公共空间化正逐步获得共识，探讨跨学科的研究途径和视野，兼顾跨尺度的实践议题，立足国际视野，基础设施这一开放性命题才能更好地服务于现代城市公共空间的有机更新与发展。
In 1933, urbanists, urban planners and architects from all over the world gathered in Athens and formulated The Athens Charter, a framework document of urban planning, which proposed the four major functions of a city: residence, production, recreation and transportation. The important logic of this document was to integrate the city and centrally arrange the same kind of functions and resources in the space to improve the utilization efficiency, which played an important role in solving the urban problems at that time. However, the trajectory of urban development is not a simple mechanical repetition, and the problems faced by cities at different stages are different. Therefore, the urban planning principles or planning models proposed in a specific period cannot be used once and for all. Taking transportation as an example, the “ultimate blue schema” urban planning idea has caused the “single pendulum” phenomenon of global urban transportation. The universal view holds that relying on population dispersion can solve the traffic congestion problem in large cities, which is also a misunderstanding in thinking. The problems faced by modern urban society are more complex and diversified. Only by scientific understanding of the law of urban development can we make the city more efficient and livable.
Since the second industrial revolution at the end of the 18th century, infrastructure has played an important role in the development of cities for more than 100 years, and has significantly promoted the process of urbanization. Concerning the relationship between urban infrastructure and urban public space, Stan Allen pointed out that infrastructure is the transportation and distribution of public resources, and because of its large number of repeatability and deep involvement in daily life, it is essentially a kind of public space, thus becoming the carrier of urban life. Infrastructure is no longer limited to conventional “grey infrastructure” (such as transportation, energy and water conservancy projects), but expands and strengthens the functional connotation of its basic social services and public products, involving green infrastructure, landscape infrastructure and innovation infrastructure (such as green space and ecological corridor). Thus, modern urban public space also belongs to urban infrastructure.
The topic of this issue, “Urban Infrastructure and Public Space”, systematically discusses the public spatialization of infrastructure from the aspects of theoretical interpretation, development paradigm and renewal mode. The concept of “field infrastructure” was proposed to discuss the the general law and evolution trend of infrastructure under the transformation of economic model and urban stock development model; The construction of multi-party coordination mechanism in practice, the spatial design of functional overlap, and the response and continuation of urban culture formed a “new daily life of urban infrastructure”; The the origin and type of landscape infrastructure and its organizational structure as urban growth, growth and evolution were explored, so as to maximize the benefits of social, economic and ecosystem services with the least land use; In addition, the possible development mode of infrastructure in response to uncertainty in modern urban development was explored to design a better urban relationship between the ecosystem and social system.
From how to reduce the negative impact of infrastructure on the daily life of urban residents, to strive to build positive public spaces to carry high-quality urban life, this change in construction concept is not only an effective response to the high-quality development of urban construction, but also an inevitable requirement of people’s urban construction. In the context of China, the public spatialization of infrastructure is gradually gaining consensus. By exploring interdisciplinary research approaches and perspectives, taking into account cross-scale practical issues and basing on an international perspective, the open proposition of infrastructure can better serve the organic renewal and development of modern urban public space.
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